Soil Horizons...

A soil horizon is a layer of soil parallel to the earth’s surface. It has a unique set of physical, chemical, and biological properties. The properties of soil horizons, such as texture, color, and structure, are the results of the soil-forming processes, and they distinguish each horizon from other horizons above and below it. When soil horizons are studied, the student needs to know how much of the soil must be observed or studied. The smallest volume that can be called “soil” is a pedon (peh-don). A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from 10 to 100 square feet (1–10 square meters), depending on the variability of the soil.

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